Bipolar Disorder
Extreme highs and lows that go beyond ordinary mood shifts.
Bipolar disorder causes dramatic shifts in a person's mood, energy, and ability to think clearly. People with bipolar experience high and low moods — known as mania and depression — which differ from the typical ups and downs most people experience.
Key Symptoms
- ◆Manic episodes: elevated mood, reduced need for sleep, grandiosity
- ◆Depressive episodes: hopelessness, fatigue, loss of interest
- ◆Rapid speech and racing thoughts during mania
- ◆Impulsive or reckless behavior during mania
- ◆Irritability and agitation
- ◆Difficulty maintaining relationships and work
- ◆Psychotic symptoms in severe cases
- ◆Cycles that can last days to months
Common Causes
- ◆Genetic factors (strong heritability)
- ◆Brain structure and function differences
- ◆Stressful life events as triggers
- ◆Sleep disruption
- ◆Substance abuse
Treatment Options
- ◆Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate)
- ◆Antipsychotic medications
- ◆Psychotherapy (CBT, family therapy)
- ◆Lifestyle management (sleep routine, stress reduction)
- ◆Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in severe cases
Key Facts
Bipolar disorder affects approximately 2.8% of U.S. adults annually.
It typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Bipolar disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide.
With proper treatment, most people with bipolar disorder can live full, productive lives.